Privacy Ethics - 1207 Words

Privacy and ethics have become somewhat of a lost art. Two things we as Americans used to hold as part of our highest core values. However, now it appears as though privacy has become a thing of the past and ethical behavior is just something you hear about once in a while. It seems as though little by little pieces of ourselves are being chipped away, and we are standing by allowing it to happen. We continually allow our privacy to be invaded on a daily basis by our smartphones, social media, and many other outlets that we try to connect ourselves to just to attempt to feel as though we are alive? That is just a small piece on a colossal scale of privacy and ethical issues we face. Look at the Edward Snowden case and how he put the†¦show more content†¦A Congressional Research Service report, for example, notes the worry that drones â€Å"will be used to spy on American citizens,† and asserts that, â€Å"[Undoubtedly, the government’s use of drones for domestic surveillance operations implicates the Fourth Amendment and other applicable laws† (Blitz, 2015, p.65). Once again, this is always going to be up for debate due to the ethics of it all. If you consider the capabilities of the technology out there a lot of lives could be saved if we used the technology in place of human lives to go into dangerous situations. â€Å"A number of newer technologies enable sense-enhancement or super- human-like powers. Infrared sensors, heat sensors, and new powerful radar systems all allow people (mainly police) to â€Å"see† through walls. Facial recognition and automated license plate readers enable the large- scale capture of information, tracking of individuals and their vehicles, and correlation of that information with information housed in massive databases.† (Kaminski,2015, p.1119). Allowing law enforcement the tools to conduct thorough searches without having to places themselves in the line of fire is an excellent idea. I am all for giving them the capabilities to do so. The biggest issue now is making sure all of the drone use is covered legally, therefore, â€Å"state governments are scrambling to address the regulatory issues that these drones raise. Issues of privacy and government overreach areShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Commercial Privacy1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethics of Commercial Privacy In â€Å"The Right of Privacy,† Richard Posner argues that, â€Å"the law should in general accord private business information greater protection than it accords personal information. Secrecy is an important method of appropriating social benefits to the entrepreneur who creates them while in private life it is more likely to conceal discreditable facts† (404). However, his argument is flawed, because it dehumanizes individuals, disregarding the value of their privacy in orderRead MoreInternet Privacy Ethics1395 Words   |  6 Pages 1 II. Cookies and User Profiling 1 III. Privacy laws 2 IV. Web Eavesdropping Read MoreThe Ethics Of Privacy1389 Words   |  6 Pagesnot the STD could continue to spread without the carriers even knowing. So, the department believes that for the betterment of public health it is okay to breach privacy in this instance. This proposal is going to be arguing against the following one, the company should not allow the public health department to infringe upon the privacy of the users because it goes against the chatrooms terms of service and may cause a loss of profits. So, the company believes that it would be unethical to lie aboutRead MoreOctopus and Privacy: Business Ethics2395 Words   |  10 PagesOctopus and Privacy: Business Ethics Table of Content Introduction 3 The Objective 3 Research Methods 3 Background of the Company 3 Background of the Issue 5 Identification of Issue 7 Analysis of Issues 8 Recommendation 10 Conclusion 11 Appendix 12 List of Reference 12 Introduction Hong Kong has one of the most highly successful e-purse programs, the Octopus card. The Octopus card, which began in the niche transportation industry and extended outward to retailers, has been widely adoptedRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Privacy Of Consumers1557 Words   |  7 Pagesdata. To obtain the data in order to utilize it, businesses collect or purchased data that consumers create on the internet. Critics of this collection of data believe that these businesses collecting the data are acting unethical for invading the privacy of consumers (Lavandera Morris, 2012). However, considering all the relevant laws, guidelines, and the impact on society as a whole in a deontology and utilitarian viewpoint, the collection of data for commercial use is ethical. In order to collectRead MoreThe State Of Ethics And Privacy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesTo: Amanda Greeley Manager – IT Google From: Jancy James Kochmuriyil Intern Date: September 17, 2015 Re: STATE OF ETHICS AND PRIVACY You have asked that I look into the state of privacy and ethics at Google and present my thoughts and opinion on it. I would like to address a few issues that I have found in the following paragraphs. Google as a company with its modest beginning in 1998 and its mission statement to â€Å"organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful†Read MoreThe Rights and Ethics of Employees with Respect to Privacy at Work788 Words   |  4 PagesDania Afif El-Achmar The Rights and Ethics of Employees with Respect to Privacy at Work Widespread use of electronic communications media such as e-mail and information resources such as the Internet has prompted many employers to engage in electronic surveillance of their employees. Employers are monitoring—and even recording—employees’ personal phone calls, e-mails, and workplace conversations. Video cameras are trained on employee parking lots, break areas, and other parts of the workplace. Today’sRead MoreThe Ethics Of Our Privacy Protection Laws1533 Words   |  7 Pages Courses of action available to your case As you could see in the above reflection of our privacy protection laws, currently, we do not have a direct cause of action for breach of privacy. However, I will explain other torts that may be available in court against the possible unlawful surveillance of you and your family. Option 1: Breach of Confidence This is an equitable cause of action that protects against the improper disclosure of private information. In Australia, the law is notRead MoreEthics And Privacy Across International Borders2834 Words   |  12 PagesNavi Walia Assignment 5 Ethics and Privacy Across International Borders MCL 510 11/26/14 Part 1: K: When developing Acme Data Analytics Inc. to take into the U.K. market, we need to determine the shopping behaviors of our clients. The raw data of the amount of times our clients search for â€Å"Christmas Deals† on Google, will determine how we should target our content to their browsers. M: But how will this provide quality search results that will ultimately produce our UK clients with the productsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Data Handling And Information Privacy2125 Words   |  9 PagesThe ethics represent of what is right and wrong in our life. The ethics concerning data handling and information privacy are very complex. They can be split into three main categories the privacy itself, property and Accessibility. Privacy issues are related of what can be hidden from the public. Property issue is about the ownership of information collected and stored. Finally, the Accessibility is a concern of who is able to use this information and from whom consent. In Australia privacy is regulated

China And Indi Trends Toward Western Style Consumption...

China and India are each youth-oriented promoting environments that have incontestable trends toward Western-style consumption over the last decade. It’s necessary to look at widespread merchandise that interest youth markets and target the small and macro-environmental forces which will influence the promoting ways for these products. That may permit the event of suggestions for marketers in these economies and, therefore, the identification of opportunities for U.S. corporations to focus on these teams. It is extremely vital for marketers in these youth-oriented client economies to target developing prospering selling ways. Youth selling could be a term employed in selling and advertising to outline totally different ways that are employed in order to attach with younger individuals, usually within the age vary of twelve to thirty four years previous. It’s vital for corporations in China and Asian country to target the shopping for power and influence on family payment that the youth customers embrace. In China, standing and class are each terribly vital objectives for customers, particularly China’s youth (Brown, Caverly, Goodman, Post, amp; Wong, 2011). The teenagers of these days board Associate in nursing era of technological advances that influence the ever day lives and interests of today’s youth. They exhibit a robust would like for individuality in their style and that they need to be up to speed and sometimes are liable for setting trends that are la terShow MoreRelatedStrategy Management18281 Words   |  74 PagesBusinessweek named Frank one of Georgia Tech’s Prominent Faculty in its national survey of business schools. The Kauffman Foundation views Frank as one of the world’s 75 thought leaders in strategic entrepreneurship and innovation. Frank has published over 25 articles in leading academic journals such as the Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Organization Science, Strategic Management Journal, and others. Some of his academic articles are highly cited. Frank currently servesRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagessuch as economics some of the founding principles, such as Adam Smith’s â€Å"invisible hand,† are being tested and reworked for the first time in more than 200 years. The traditional basic premise of volume production, which has driven manufacturing for decades—primarily economies of scale—i s being challenged by today’s reality. Continuing with the example of software, once a successful software development has been created, the cost of volume production is almost nothing, and a company can maintain its

Martin Luther King Jr. - 867 Words

In this world, there are a lot of people who showed great courage and tried to make the world a better place. Among these people, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father strongly considered racism and segregation to be an affront to God’s will, and strongly discouraged any sense of class superiority†¦show more content†¦This is a group committed to achieving full equality for African American through non-violence. As a role of being president of SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), Martin Luther traveled acros s the country and around the world giving lectures of non-violent protest and civil rights as well as meetings with religious figures, activists, and political leaders (Martin Luther King Jr., History). In 1960, King and his family moved to Atlanta, where he became a co-pastor of the Ebenezer Baptism church. In 1963, activists did boycotts, sit-ins, and marches to protest segregation, unfair hiring practices and their injustices in one of America’s racially divided cities. On April 12, 1963, King wrote the civil rights manifesto, known as â€Å"Letters from Birmingham Jail,† an eloquent defense of civil disobedience addressed to a group of white clergymen who criticized his tactics. Later that year, King worked on a number of civil rights and religious groups to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. This was a peaceful political rally designed to shed light on the injustices African Americans continued to face across the country. The event was held on August 28, and attended by 250,000 participants. This event was a moment in the history of the American civil rights movement and a factor in the passage of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 King’s mos t famous address â€Å"I Have A Dream†Show MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesbe slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secu re family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Essay1862 Words   |  8 Pagesbut the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. TheyRead More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreThe Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.1123 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. He was put in jail for his non-violent civil rights campaigns, spoke out for racial justice, and tried to find an end to racial discrimination. King’s legacy is still known present day, and continues to be one of the most well known leaders. Throughout Martin Luther King Jr.’s lifetime and the Civil Rights Movement, King was devoted

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay - 1407 Words

Learning lessons is a very important part of growing up. Children learn new things every day of their life. Even adults learn something every once in a while. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the character Scout is very adventurous and loves to learn; she has many experiences that lead to her being taught many different things about life. On page 12 of Cliff Notes for this novel, John Sova writes â€Å"each experience is designed to give Scout a further understanding about certain things in life and about people. In one way or another, every episode leads to some type of learning experience for Scout†. Scout learns a lot of different things about her town’s views, the people who she’s heard about but never really knew, and†¦show more content†¦Scout was also very into thinking that Boo Radley was a terrible monster of a man. She has never seen him in person, but all the stories Jem had told her made her believe that he was too scary to even think about. Jem explains Boo Radley to Scout by saying: he’s about six-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks, he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that’s why his hands were bloodstained-if you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off. There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face; what teeth he had were yellow and rotten; his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time. (14) With a description like that, Scout thought that Boo Radley was the scariest man alive. Scout didn’t know any better at the time than to believe whatever she heard about him from others. When Scout finds gum in the knothole of the oak tree near the Radley house, she starts to think that maybe Boo isn’t so bad. When he saves Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell, they realize that Boo actually cares about them and wants to keep them safe. Scout and Jem always believed Boo to be evil, when he is actually a good-hearted human being. At the close of the novel, Scout talks about Boo to Atticus, saying that â€Å"he was real nice† (323). Scout learns that people are not always what they seem to be at first, and there is always something good underneath every harsh surface. Scout always talked about but neverShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesLindsey Congdon Mrs. Peterson Period 7 December 1, 2009 To Kill a Mockingbird Essay The Dictionary defines prejudice as, â€Å"an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.† There has been prejudice known throughout history, mostly against the blacks during and before the time of Martin Luther King Jr. In The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there is clear evidence of prejudice against the blacks. InRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird a major theme is the loss of innocence. Whether from emotional abuse, racial prejudice or learning, Boo, Tom, and Scout all lose their innocence in one sense or another. The prejudice that each character endures leads to their loss. Through the responses of Boo, Tom, and Scout, Harper Lee shows how each character responded differently to their loss of innocence. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird the character of Boo Radley is theRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesContent within Books To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Assignment ENG 1D1 03 Alex Gardner December 2010 Mr. Przemieniecki Inappropriate content within books There are many different books that are studied in schools, but one should be removed from shelves. Students should not be reading about certain subject matters until they are fully invested into that specific subject. Certain inappropriate topics are racism and dated subject matter. The book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, should beRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill A Mocking Bird Essay Wednesday December 19th, 2012 The valuable lessons that Atticus teaches and demonstrates to his children (Jem and Scout) in the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird are very crucial. Atticus teaches Jem and Scout to put themselves into other people’s skin before they pre-judge a person. Atticus also teaches the two children compassion and forgiveness. The children learn an important lesson not to kill a mocking bird during the novel from Atticus. Throughout the novel severalRead MorePrejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: GCSE Coursework The theme of prejudice is central to the novel. A number of characters are discriminated against. Making close reference to the text discuss what you think Harper Lee wants us to learn about society as illustrated in her novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ set in 1930’s America. In this essay I will give my opinions on why in ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’, Harper Lee included a lot of prejudice and controversial issues in the 1930’s. Also I will explore the ideasRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay571 Words   |  3 Pagesways in which one is prejudged such as gender, age, race, religion, the way one dresses etc. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird the lesson the author portrait the most was prejudice in the town and how it can happen anywhere and at any time. â€Å"To better understand a person you have to climb up inside their skin and walk around in it.† The quote stated by Atticus in the book, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, is an unveiling of the upcoming times when prejudice is present in the novel. The setting forRead MoreThe Mockingbirds in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay680 Words   |  3 Pagesstore To Kill a Mockingbird is the expression mocking bird appears in the story lots of times. Also the most significant novel in this whole book is the mockingbird symbol. Another significant part of the story is the definition of a mockingbird and it is a type of Finch, it’s also a small bird who likes to sing. It got the name mockingbird because when it sings it is mocking other birds. (http://www.allfreeessays.com/essays/The-Significance-Of-The-Title-Of/21174.html) The mockingbirds in theRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesare many different types of symbols in our world today; in English literature as well as all around us on a day-to-day basis. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird we follow a little girl, Scout, as she faces the truth about the world and its injustice. The central and most obvious symbol of this novel, as well as the title of the book, is the mockingbird. It represents the innocence and injustice in this story, represented by Tom Robinson and the events surrounding the trial, but also sets the themeRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching experience for Atticus to provide to Scout and Jem. These laws followed the Southern societal ideas of the separation between races, but also demonstrated a division between a community where individuals held different moral ideas. To Kill a Mockingbird explores human morality from the perception of a six year old child, pro viding a different perspective on important issues of this time period. Scout’s understanding of morality develops from her once simple idea of an individual being eitherRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it†. Discuss this quote from Atticus in relation to 3 characters from the novel. In the third chapter of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Atticus proclaims that â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view . . . until you climb into his skin and walk around in it† (P. 39). By including this statement Lee presents to us the idea of empathy

Contemporary Accounting in Detecting Potential †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Accounting in Detecting Potential. Answer: Introduction: Accounting policies are the set of different accounting principles, rules, and regulations that are used by the business firms in preparation of financial statements for the specific year. The accounting policies involve the policies related to inventory management and pricing, depreciation on business assets, cost of research and development activities, and consolidation of the business financial statements. The company selected for this report is Wesfarmers, company is the Australias Supermarket chain, and business operations of the company cover the convenience stores, departmental stores, liquor, hotels, energy and fertilizers, home improvements and industrial health and safety products. The AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) works for the development and maintenance of the financial reporting standards. AASB stated that management of business organizations need to make the decisions and assumptions regarding the business assets and liabilities on basis of historical pe rformance. As per the guidelines provided by the AASB, it is essential that businesses must make the estimation of the company intangible assets for the preparation of financial statements. Along with this, this report also discusses the accounting policies in relation to assets and liabilities, income tax, and depreciation. The flexibility in accounting policies discusses the necessary changes in the used accounting system to make the changes based on the business operations and efficient management and need for transactions. This report also presents the discussion on the accounting strategy and quality of the disclosure in the company financial statements. Furthermore, the report analyses the potential red flags and conceptual framework used by the Wesfarmers. It is also essential for the business that they discuss the changes adopted in preparation of financial accounts in their reports and must follow the accounting policies. Furthermore, disclosure term refers to releasing of all the necessary information in the company financial statements that is important to the company and its stakeholders that also has an impact on the investors decision-making process. Red f lag refers to the subjective concept that represents the potential errors and issues in relation to company financial statements. The company Wesfarmers follows the ASX standards for the better business growth with preparing the financial statements accordingly. Background of the Wesfarmers and evaluation of accounting policies: Wesfarmers is a leading Australian company that was founded in the year 1914 as Western Australian farmers. The company is the Australias largest listed company and headquarters of the company is situated in the Western Australia. The company operates their business across the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. The business operations of the company include the supermarkets, convenience and departmental stores, a division of chemicals, hotels, liquor, and fertilizers. The company is also listed on the Australian Securities Exchange from the year 1984 with the name WES. Along with this, the company operates their business with more than 222,000 employees and 530,000 (in the year 2016) shareholders worldwide that make the company as Australias largest employer (Wesfarmers, 2016). The company also focused on the research and development activities to improve the level of services and development of new products for the clients satisfaction. The financial statements of the company in the year 2016 and 2017 involve the controlled entities and economic entities. The involved different components in Westerners Annual report are as below: AASB defined that it is essential for the business organizations that make the business decisions and assumptions on basis of historical performance of the business firm in terms of assets and liabilities. The results of the financial statements may differ from the judgement and assumptions made regarding the reporting of transactions. In this way, the judgement made by the business accordingly with the accounting standards has an impact on the reliability and accuracy of the financial reports (Cheung et al, 2010). The investment of whole company is separate as the company controlled the assets separately to use the equity method. However, in the use of equity method, the Wesfarmers carried the investment in associates in the groups consolidated balance sheet. The Wesfarmers also make the investigation of the investment made in the subsidiaries and intangible assets. It was found that in the annual report of company there is no loss to the company in terms of return on investment, go odwill and assets in the subsidiary companies (Bloom, 2013). Along with this, the company also has to pay the income tax and other taxes that are applicable according to Australian government rules and regulations. Principles of consolidation: The principles of the consolidation in accounting involve the different principles such as the principle of Minority Interest, Capital profit, Elimination of Investment Account, and Goodwill (Futamura, 2010). The Wesfarmers is efficient and effective in building the decisions regarding the financial and operational policies of the subsidiary companies that supported the company in achieving overall organizational goals and objectives. The financial statements of the company for the year 2016 and 2017 involve the list of the different controlled entities such as Coles (Wesfarmers, 2017). The balances of the different groups in the groups annual report are eliminated in the preparation of consolidated reports. Along with this, the company also provides the information about the change in ownership as non-financial information. Business Combinations: The company accounted the business combination with the help of acquisition method of accounting because the business combination is the company gains over the different subsidiaries. In the business combination situation, business organization followed the principles of GAAP to state the control of the parent company over the acquired company (AASB, 2014). The financial statements of the Wesfarmers involve the merger and acquisition date with the fair value of the business entities. The annual report of the company also involved the information about the liabilities incurred from the merger and acquisition of another company (Wesfarmers, 2012). Income Tax: The Wesfarmers also make the provision of the income tax on the revenue or income of the company over the year that is paid to the government of different countries in which they operate. The company also calculates the value of income tax based on the predetermined government tax rates. The company calculates the taxes based on the taxable income and company considered the taxes as a business liability. Along with this, the tax liability of the company is also different in the specific accounting years as it is calculated on basis of company income. The different subsidiary company of the Wesfarmers has the different tax liabilities based on the business transactions (Daley and Coates, 2015). In this way, all the subsidiary company contributes their share to overall company tax liability and making a profit of the company. Operating Leases: The Company makes the payment of operating leases as a business expense in the financial statement of the company including in income statement. The company recorded the transaction based on the straight line for the lease term. Along with this, the company recognized the operating lease incentives as the business liability when the company released to income statements (on basis of the annual report 2017 and 2016) (Wesfarmers, 2017). The company also recognized the assets and liabilities to measure the difference between the lease expenses and the amount paid. In the annual report of the company for the year 2017 and 2016, Wesfarmers stated the two different types of earnings such as Basic earnings per share and Diluted earnings per share. The company also provides the information about the accounting policy in the measurement of earnings per share (Wesfarmers, 2016). In this way, it is found that company calculates the basic earnings per share through dividing the net profit attributable to all the company shareholders through a weighted average number of the Wesfarmers ordinary shares. Whereas company calculated the diluted earnings per share based on the basic earnings per share and it involves the effects of the interest and dividend that is related to dilutive potential ordinary shares. Employee benefits: The company in its financial statement also makes the company provision of the employees benefit for all the years including the year 2016 and 2017. It is the accounting and estimates policy of the Wesfarmers that company measures the employee benefits provision through using the discount rates that selected from the HQCB (High-Quality Corporate Bond) (Wesfarmers, 2016). Along with this, the company also represents the employees benefit from the specific accounting year and provision in the financial statements represents the incentives accrued and annual leave by the company employees (Daft and Samson, 2014). The company also included the annual leaves, wages, overtime, salaries, paid and sick leaves employees benefit in the company policies. The company has depreciated its assets including the equipment, property, and plants over every financial year. The Wesfarmers have used the straight-line method for the depreciation over their useful lives. The land of the company is not depreciated but the building, plant, and equipment are depreciated. Therefore, company estimate that life of the building is around 20 to 40 years and plant and equipment is around 3 to 40 years as per the annual report 2017 (Wesfarmers, 2017). Assess Accounting Flexibility Accounting flexibility is required in every organization in the modern time. This is the adaptation capability of the organization to change in its accounting system as per the needs, and operation. Companies have to undergo the changes due to changes in external environment, which can cause changes in the accounting system and procedure of organizations (Olad and Amiri, 2016). The flexible accounting system makes the organization able to track the financial growth. The flexible accounting procedure makes the firm able to accommodate the unexpected and contingent transactions to determine the accuracy of accounting and reporting (Denis and McKeon, 2016). The organizations with the highly flexible accounting system are highly adaptive to the changes in the external and internal environment. The flexibility of accounting allows the accommodation of unexpected and unplanned changes in the financial values of the organization. There are different accounting/financial components that are globally taken as the flexible items such as financial leverage including debt, liquidity, and others. Apart from this, cash holdings such as money in the bank, overdraft, and others are also included in the flexible accounting policies (Koch et al., 2012). Wesfarmers Limited, which is an international retail chain, uses flexible accounting system to record the transactions and report the financial information to its stakeholders. The company prepares a budget using the flexible budgeting system based on the previous budget. The flexible budget helps Wesfarmers in detecting the deviation from the last budget and determining the budget for current or next year accordingly. The flexible budget can also help in reducing the gap between actual values and budgeted values for the organization. Apart from this, the Wesfarmers operates in different countries, where it accepts the provision of local accounting and reporting standards of the respective countries (Wesfarmers, 2016). This indicates that how flexible accounting system the Wesfarmers uses. Woolworths is the biggest competitor of the Wesfarmers, which also do use the flexible accounting system. Woolworths also adapt to the local accounting standards to the different economies. The fle xible accounting system helps both the organization to accommodate the changes in the values as per the market situation to assure the accuracy and updated information (Wesfarmers, 2017). The companies include the value of the previous year and current year in the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement so that the deviation between two years can be identified. Evaluate Accounting Strategy Accounting is an important and compulsory activity that must have to be done in the all the organizations throughout the world. The accounting can be defined as the process in which the information is collected, recorded, classified, summarized and interpreted to make it useful and meaningful. The accounting and financial information are required to make an effective financial decision in the organization (Hoyle et al., 2015). Accounting and financial reports of the organization are considered to be the best and authorized source of information for the investment and financial decisions. The organizations mostly prepare the strategies based on the historical data. The companies summarize the financial information in financial statement retrieved from the notes of the financial statements. This strategy helps in getting the insight that how the specific value in the statements is derived from and how they have been computed (Bonin, 2013). The historical information helps in comparing the performance of the company with current year performance so that effective decision can be taken to improve the performance. Wesfarmers Limited is one of the largest global players in the market. It uses consistent accounting policies. The company uses consolidated financial statements which include the financial information of the all the units of the organization. Along with this, it includes the employees' benefit expenses, remuneration, and taxation and other information. It uses hedge accounting policy for managing the risk. Apart from this, the acquisition accounting is used by the organization for tax consideration and ongoing work valuation (Wesfarmers, 2016). The company uses tax consolidation policy in which it tax liability of the subsidiaries of the company is shared among all. The Wesfarmers should review its accounting data periodically to ensure the recording of accurate data. Wesfarmers publish the annual report two times in a year. The Wesfarmers is a giant organization that merged and acquired many organizations over the years. This uses acquisition accounting policy to accommodate the acquisition transactions. It reviews the financial performance and accounting data to take the decision regarding investment (Wesfarmers, 2017). The consistent accounting policy of the company helps it to be consistent with the changes in the accounting values and update it regularly. Evaluate the Quality of Disclosure Disclosure can be described as the reporting of financial information to the stakeholders of the company to meet their objectives. The shareholders and investors of the company are more intensive to know about the financial performance of the company. There are different rules and guidelines for the financial accounting and disclosure, which are provided by ASX and Australian Accounting Standard Board (Basu and Forbes, 2014). The ASX and AASB focus on the protection of the interest of the investors and shareholders in the company. Along with this, the organization has to prepare one interim report and one annual financial report. Wesfarmers Limited is listed on ASX in Australia. The report and disclosure of information by Wesfarmers is of good quality. This is because the company prepares the reports according to the requirement mentioned in the Corporation Act 2001 for financial reporting and disclosure. The financial report of the company includes the director's report, CEO's report, the board of members, risk and risk management strategies, remuneration policies and others (Wesfarmers, 2017). The report includes the notes of financial statements that provide detailed information about the financial performance of the company. Apart from this, the company follows the provision and guidelines determined under International Financial Reporting Standards, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, Australian Accounting Standard Board, and International Accounting Standard Board. It represented the financial information in a comparative way where it requires. These all the standards and accounting boards provide guidelines to record and report the information (Shroff, 2017). This ensures the quality of the information in the report that is published by the Wesfarmers Limited. Identify Potential Red Flags Red Flag means the potential issues and challenges with the financial statements and report of the company. The Red Flag is the indicator of worst. Therefore, the red flag to any investor can be deemed to be same for other shareholders and investors of the company. This can support in finding out the problems (Putra, 2013). The company should track for the red flags and try to remove it instantly. The organization may use different policies and techniques to identify and remove red flags in its report. For example, when the inventory in the report is higher over the previous year but there is no alteration in the values derived from inventory. This is interpreted as there are issues and mistake in the recording and calculation of inventory. The issues of accounting calculation and recording can be caught by analyzing the financial statements of the company (Heshin-Bekenstein, M. and Hashkes, 2015). This happens similarly in case of trade receivables if the company shows decreased trade debtors but there is no change in the profit accordingly. Apart from this, lower cash flow, higher liquidity, higher debt, non-operating income and other items can be the red flags for assessing the financial statements of the company. Compliant with the Conceptual Framework The organizations in the Australia have opportunity and advantage of choosing the option out of two (accounting framework and legal framework) for preparing their financial report. Most of the organization faces the issue of compliance in financial reports. It is because firms want to show higher profitability to attract the investor. So, they may mistake in the accounting and reporting to attract a large number of investors (Oluku and Ojeka, 2011). The large organizations generally do this. Companies listed on Australian Security Exchange has to prepare the simple annual report that the auditors can easily audit and make avail for everyone. ASX requires the organizations to provide periodic financial highlights and interim financial reports. The Wesfarmers follows the guidelines and rules of ASX for preparing its report and disclosing the information. It discloses the financial and non-financial information in its report that meets the IFRS, GAAP, and Australian Accounting Standards (Wesfarmers, 2016). Conclusion: Based on the above analysis, it can be summarized that the report has effectively analyzed the accounting policies used by the Wesfarmers Limited. The Wesfarmers limited uses critical accounting judgments, the principle of consolidation, business combination, income tax, and other policies. Furthermore, the company uses a flexible accounting system that makes it able to accommodate the changes in the accounts. It uses consistent accounting, associate accounting, acquisition accounting and other accounting strategies or policies to meet the standards. Furthermore, there is high-quality disclosure of the information by Wesfarmers. It complies with ASX guidelines, IFRS, AASB, IASB and other standards while recording and reporting the financial information. It complies with ASX guidelines for reporting and disclosing the information periodically. References: AASB, C. A. S. (2014). Business Combinations.Disclosure,66, 77. Basu, A.K. and Forbes, B. (2014). Does fundamental indexation lead to better risk?adjusted returns? New evidence from Australian Securities Exchange, Accounting Finance, 54(3), 699-728. Bloom, M., (2013).Double accounting for goodwill: A problem redefined. UK: Routledge. Bonin, H. (2013). Generational accounting: theory and application. Germany: Springer Science Business Media Cheung, E., Evans, E., Wright, S. (2010). An historical review of quality in financial reporting in Australia.Pacific Accounting Review,22(2), 147-169. Daft, R. and Samson, D. (2014) Fundamentals of Management. AU: Cengage Learning. Daley, J., Coates, B. (2015).Property taxes. AU: Grattan Institute. Denis, D.J. and McKeon, S.B. (2016). Proactive Leverage Increases and The Value of Financial Flexibility, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 28(4), 17-28. Futamura, M. (2010). The introduction of accounting principles for consolidated financial statements in Japan: focus on minority interest and other related accounting treatments.Journal of International Business Research,9, 1. Heshin-Bekenstein, M. and Hashkes, P. J. (2015). Intestinal malrotation as a misdiagnosis of pediatric colchicine resistant familial Mediterranean fever, Pediatric Rheumatology, 13(1),45. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T. (2015). Advanced accounting. USA: McGraw Hill. Koch, A.S., Lefanowicz, C.E. and Shane, P.B. (2012). Earnings Guidance and Earnings Management Constraints. Olad, Z. S. and Amiri, H. (2016). The effect of cost Accounting change on the performance of Manufacturing Companies in Khuzestan, Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. (1) 78-91. Oluku, M. D., Ojeka, S. A. (2011). INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,2(12), 914. Putra, Y. H. S. (2013). A Contemporary Accounting Approach in Detecting Potential Red Flag and Performance of Extreme Sport Apparel Company.El Muhasaba: Jurnal Akuntansi,3(2). Shroff, N. (2017). Corporate investment and changes in GAAP, Review of Accounting Studies, 22(1), 1-63. Wesfarmers (2012) Wesfarmers Annual Report 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2012-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=0 Wesfarmers (2016). 2016 Annual Report. Retrieved from: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=8 Wesfarmers (2016). About Wesfarmers. Retrieved from: https://sustainability.wesfarmers.com.au/our-approach/about-wesfarmers/ Wesfarmers (2017). 2017 Annual Report. Retrieved from: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2017-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=0

Consequentialism free essay sample

The consequential approach to distributive Justice Consequentiality states that an action may only be right if its consequences have good results or are better than that of a different action which includes not doing anything. Therefore one can conclude that consequentiality is that the validation of actions is to be found in consequences. The consequential approach has both positive and negative sides to it. Some of the arguments for consequentiality are: * Many may see actions as being a temporary thing that is soon forgotten or has separated for all time, therefore one may reason that in the long-term Just the results remain, hence, the main aspect that mainly matters with regards to an action is its results. In this case consequentiality seems so be grasped but consequentiality states that actions are important because they are amongst their own consequences, and that in the long-term, results do not remain and are not certain. In the case of Julius Male, he profited unfairly and inappropriately from the manipulation of profitable public works contracts, he did not think about the long-term results therefore the results or consequences were uncertain and this exulted in his detractors not trusting him. If Julius Male had taken a consequential approach he would have considered the end results or consequences that could have happened therefore enabling him to make better decisions. * Morality is another argument for consequentiality. Being moral involves doing your greatest to do what is right as well as being concerned about people both equally and without bias as you can I. E. Benefiting people as much as you can. In the case of Shawn Insane, she made illegal decisions for her own gain. She was given tenders worth REAR million with regards to the citys contentious legislation which remits it to avoid the normal tender processes which may have been the reason as to why she was able to give a cash transfer of RE. 63 million so that she could get back some of her confiscated vehicles. She was also caught for overstating invoices in order to decrease her tax bill and for giving in incorrect documents so that she could get Construction Industry Development Board grading that were used to get tenders of REAR million. She was also caught for influencing a state witness to interfere with evidence against her. She made all these decisions based on what she can get out of it and not about others that may be affected. She was being immoral in the sense that she did not care about Benefiting other people Just herself. If she made decisions as a consequential, she would have made good decisions which would have kept her away from being convicted. * Another argument for consequentiality is reasons for action which states that whatever one does is done in order to receive some positive result that is the main reason that he/she performs that particular action. The results may not always be positive but the overall positive result is what is important and Justifiable, I. E. One should do whatever does the most positive overall. Some arguments against consequentiality are: * Distributive Justice: Direct consequentiality would appear to support several distributions of goods, in spite of unfairness, as long as it is equivalent to the ideal result in relation to the overall good. Consequentialness might assert that such an unequal distribution is very doubtful when maximizing the good. They assert that one would get decreased returns in relation to happiness or fulfillment from goods (CB. Smart); and this would require that the highest overall happiness or fulfillment would be accomplished by equal distribution. * Instinctively unjust or awful acts: Consequentiality can ethically assist someone to, for example kill a person, or torment a person, if that best helps minimization. Some consequentialness assert that if the mediator does not have the ethical meaner to do the ethically necessary but awful act, then this, although it is sternly an ethical shortcoming, would nevertheless be good long-term even by consequential lights. They say this on the basis that such squeamishness (Smart) raise the long-term probabilities that the mediator will cease from undertaking awful acts on times when it is conflicting to consequential morality. Impartiality the meaningful life: Consequentiality appears to allow no reserved place for actions not subsiding under the duty to maximize, where one is ethically allowed to follow those assignments that one recognizes, and which make ones life particularly ones own. This acute viewpoint may aim to a disadvantaged idea of the subject or agent on consequentialness part: not as much as a being (a person with their own tasks, worries, relationships etc. ), but more as an input-output network for the overall good. * Personal Rights: Consequentiality might involve people meddling too much into other peoples business. For example, we could possibly do the best overall by stopping people from blowing their time and energy on useless or dangerous things by force. It is imperative that people are welcome to make choices for themselves, even unfortunate decisions, because that is the only way that people improve their power of character and because continuous testing is the only way civilization can acquire the knowledge about the numerous opportunities of life. Therefore consequentiality would appear to ask us to support laws that protect personal freedom against a lot of meddling by our neighbors or our government.